Curriculum+v.3

EQ: How are the interactions among earth’s systems measured? EQ: How is the internal structure of the earth organized and classified? EQ: In what ways do changes in its **atmosphere** affect the **earth**? EQ: What roles do reservoirs and water transfer play in weather, climate variation, and temperature moderation? EQ: In what way do living things on the planet affect the earth? EQ: What is known about the earth’s place in the universe? EQ: How do science and technology contribute to an understanding of the earth? || a)  Earth consists of an interacting set of processes and structures including the **atmosphere**, **biosphere**, **geosphere**, **hydrosphere**, and **anthrosphere**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1)    b)  **Kinetic energy**, **latent energy**, **heat energy**, **gravitational energy**, and **nuclear energy** contribute to the transport mechanisms of **earth’s** dynamic systems. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.C.2.1.3) c) **Energy** is transferred through **earth’s** systems via **radiation**, **conduction**, and **convection**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.C.2.1.3)    d)  **Energy** transfer through **earth’s** systems contributes to global processes including storms, winds, currents, and even **plate tectonics**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.A.3.3.3, S11.C.2.1.3) e) **Matter** on **earth** is conserved as it flows through a variety of **biogeochemical** cycles, including the **carbon cycle**, the **nitrogen cycle**, and the **hydrologic cycle**. ( S11.A.3.1.1, S11.A.3.3.1, S11.A.3.3.3)   **Big Idea #2.** **The geosphere is subdivided into layers defined by physical properties.**   a)  Based on changes in **physical properties** from surface to interior, the **geosphere** is further subdivided into the **lithosphere**, the **upper mantle**, the **lower mantle**, the **outer core** and the **inner core**. ( S11.A.3.3.2 ) b) The **lithosphere** has identifiable surface features which change via a variety of processes over different time periods, including **continents**, **oceans**, **rivers**, lakes, **mountains**, **canyons**, and **glaciers**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1)    c)  The **lithosphere** is made up of **rocks**, the properties of which depend upon the **minerals** or other materials from which they are made. ( S11.D.1.1.1) d) **Rocks** can undergo cyclic changes and can be classified by their origins and formation as **igneous**, **sedimentary**, or **metamorphic**. ( S11.A.3.3.1, S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.1.1.1)    e)  **Plate tectonics** contributes to changes in the surface of the earth including the formation of **ocean basins** and **mountains**, as well as **volcanic** eruptions and **earthquakes**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.1.1.2) f) The surface features of the **earth** change as a result of **physical** and **chemical** processes. ( S11.D.1.1.2, S11.D.1.1.3)     g)  Physical evidence such as **fossils** and **radioisotopic dating** contribute to theories about the evolution and development of **earth**. ( S11.A.2.2.2) a) The **atmosphere** is a mixture of gases, as well as suspended liquids and solids. (S11.D.2.1.1)   b)  Based on changing **physical properties**, the **atmosphere** is subdivided into the **troposphere**, **stratosphere**, **mesosphere**, **thermosphere**, and **exosphere**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.3.2 ) c) Changes in **atmospheric** **matter** can lead to changes in the intensity and composition of sunlight reaching the **earth’s** surface. ( S11.D.2.1.2)    d)  Unequal heating of the surface of the **earth** results in global circulation patterns, **climate**, and **weather**. ( S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.2.1.1**,** S11.D.2.1.2, S11.D.2.1.4) e) **Climate** changes over time correspond to changes in the **earth’s** **geography**. ( S11.A.3.1.1, S11.D.2.1.1)    f)  **Weather** is the result of complex interactions between **atmospheric** **pressure**, land conditions, and ocean temperatures. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.D.2.1.3, S11.D.2.1.4) a) The abundance of liquid water makes the **earth** unique among the **planets** of this **solar system**. ( S11.D.1.2.1)    b)  The **hydrologic cycle** describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth. ( S11.A.3.3.1) c) Interconnected basins such as the North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic compose one ocean.   d)  The **ocean** is connected to major lakes, watersheds, and waterways. ( S11.A.3.1.1) e) Circulation patterns in the **oceans** are driven by wind, tides, the rotation of the earth, the sun, differences in water density, and the features of each basin. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1)    f)  The ocean dominates the **earth’s** **carbon cycle**. ( S11.A.3.1.1, S11.A.3.3.1) **Big Idea #5. The biosphere is** **the life zone of the earth and includes all living organisms, including humans, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.** a) Life is pervasive throughout **earth’s** dynamic systems. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1)    b)  Since life appeared on the **planet**, it has been intimately involved in the evolution of the **earth**. ( S11.B.2.1.1) c) The **anthrosphere** is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities. ( S11.B.3.2.1)    d)  Human beings have a unique, large, and growing impact on the **earth** and its systems. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1) e) The **biosphere** both shapes and is shaped by the physical environment. ( S11.B.3.2.1)   **Big Idea #6.** **The earth is part of a solar system which is part of the universe.**   a)  The current theory as to the formation of the **universe** is known as the **big bang theory**. ( S11.D.3.1.3) b) The **earth** exists in a **solar system**, which is part of the Milky Way, one of the many **galaxies** that make up the **universe**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.3.3)    c)  Objects in this **solar system** include the **sun**, the **planets**, their **moons**, and other smaller objects. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.3.1.1) d) **Orbits** are the result of a perfect balance between the forward motion of a body in **space**, such as a **planet** or **moon**, and the pull of gravity on it from another body in **space**, such as a large **planet** or **star**. ( S11.D.3.1.1)    e)  The interactions of the **earth**-**moon**-**sun** system account for lunar and solar **eclipses**, **phases of the moon**, and **tides**. ( S11.A.1.3.2, S11.A.3.1.1, S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.3.1.1) f) The 23.45 degree tilt of the **earth’s** **rotational axis** causes the changes of **seasons**. ( S11.A.3.3.3, S11.D.2.1.3)     g)  The **nebular theory** is the current theory explaining the formation of the **sun**, **earth** and most of the **planets**. (S11.A.1.1, S11.D.3.1.3) h) ** Stars ** including the **sun** evolve in cycles determined by their **physical properties**. (S11.D.3.1.2)   **Big Idea #7.** **Understanding the earth depends upon science and technology.**   a)  Scientists us **qualitative**, **quantitative**, experimental and non-experimental methods of **scientific inquiry** to understand the **earth**. ( S11.A.1.3.1, S11.A.2.2.1) b) Maps, **models**, and **satellite images** are used to understand the **earth** and its processes. ( S11.A.2.2.2, S11.A.3.2.3, S11.D.2.1.4)    c)  The basis of earth science is **uniformitarianism**, which states that the natural processes that operated in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the present. ( S11.A.3.3.1) d) Technological advances such as **seismic sounding** and **satellite remote sensing** advance current understanding of the **earth**. ( S11.A.2.2.2)   ||  1.  Create concept maps illustrating relationships among weather systems, solar systems, and ocean systems.   2.  Analyze the impact of modern technology on the study of the earth and its place in the universe.   3.  Describe the processes that cause the movement of materials throughout the earth’s systems.   4.  Design and implement investigations to study the effects of physical and chemical processes on the structure of rocks.   5.  Analyze how the transfer of energy contributes to global processes such as storms, winds, and currents.   6.  Describe how a star’s electromagnetic spectrum can be used to characterize the star.    || **  14.   ****Earth -** the 3rd planet from the Sun at a distance of about 150 million kilometers (93.2 million miles); it takes 365.256 days for the earth to revolve around the sun and 23.9345 hours for the earth complete an entire rotation; it is the only planet in the solar system known to harbor life **Planet -** any one of the nine primary celestial bodies that orbit the ** [|Sun] **: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto; a similar body orbiting another ** [|star] ** Describe in words and with appropriate graphic displays, how energy and materials flow between and within earth’s dynamic systems (anthrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere). ||
 * Content Area: Earth and Space Science **
 * ** Standards: 3.1.10 A, B, C, D, E; 3.2.10 A, B, C; 3.3.10 D; 3.4.10D; 3.4.12D; 3.5.10A, B, C; 3.5.12A, C; 3.7.10B; 3.7.12B; 4.1.10B, C ** ||
 * ** Anchors: S11.A.1.1, S11.A.1.3, S11.A.3.1, S11.A.2.2, S11.A.3.3, S11.B.2.1, S11.B.3.2, S11.C.2.1, S11.D.1.1, S11.D.1.2, S11.D.2.1, S11.D.3.1  ** ||
 * ** Big Ideas **
 * 1) The **earth** is composed of a number of **dynamic** interacting systems which exchange **matter** and/or **energy**.
 * 1) The **geosphere** is subdivided into layers defined by **physical properties.**
 * 1)  The **atmosphere** is a **dynamic** system changing over short and long time intervals.
 * 1)  The **hydrosphere** contains all of the water on **earth**.
 * 1)  The **biosphere** is the life zone of the earth and includes all living **organisms**, including humans, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
 * 1) The **earth** is part of a **solar system** which is part of the **universe**.
 * 1) Understanding the **earth** depends upon **science** and **technology**.
 * ** Concepts **
 * Big Idea #1. The earth is composed of a number of dynamic interacting systems which exchange matter and/or energy. **
 * Big Idea #3. The atmosphere is a dynamic system changing over short and long time intervals. **
 * Big Idea #4. The hydrosphere contains all of the water on earth. **
 * ** __Competencies__ **
 * ** Vocabulary **
 * 1) **Anthrosphere -** that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities
 * 2) **Atmosphere -** layer of [|gases] surrounding the planet [|Earth] that is retained by the Earth's [|gravity]; dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78.08% [|nitrogen], 20.95% [|oxygen], 0.93% [|argon], 0.038% [|carbon dioxide], and trace amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of [|water vapor], on average around 1%
 * 3) **Atmospheric pressure -** the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; standard atmospheric pressure reported at sea level is 101.325 kPa, or 1 atm
 * 4) **Big bang theory -** refers to the idea that the universe has expanded from a primordial hot and dense initial condition at some finite [|time] in the past, and continues to [|expand] to this day
 * 5) **Biogeochemical -** the transport and transformation of substances in the environment, through life, air, sea, land, and ice
 * 6) **Biosphere -** the life zone of the earth and includes all living organisms, including man, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed
 * 7) **Canyon -** a deep valley between [|cliffs] often carved from the landscape by a [|river]
 * 8) **Carbon cycle –** the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the [|biosphere], geosphere, [|hydrosphere], and [|atmosphere] of earth
 * 9) **Climate –** the long-term weather conditions of a place or a region
 * 10) **Conduction** – transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle
 * 11) ** Continent - **  one of the six or seven great divisions of land on the globe
 * 12) **Convection -** the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise; the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by movement of currents
 * 13) **Dynamic -** continuous and productive activity or change
 * 1) **Earthquake –** a movement of the earth’s crust that occurs when rocks in the crust suddenly shift, releasing stored energy
 * 2) **Eclipse –** event that occurs when the shadow of one body in space, such as a planet or moon, falls on another
 * 3) **Energy –** the capacity to do work
 * 4) **Exosphere –** the outermost region of the atmosphere where atoms and molecules escape into space
 * 5) **Fossil –** the preserved remains or traces of a living organism
 * 6) **Galaxy –** a huge group of individual stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
 * 7) **Geography -** aims to understand the physical [|lithosphere], [|hydrosphere], [|atmosphere], and global [|flora] and [|fauna] patterns ([|biosphere])
 * 8) **Geosphere -** the solid earth that includes continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the earth's interior
 * 9) **Glacier –** a large mass of ice and snow moving on land
 * 10) **Gravitational energy –** potential energy that depends upon an object’s height above a reference point
 * 11) **Heat energy –** the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a difference in temperature
 * 12) **Hydrologic cycle –** the circulation and conservation of earth's water
 * 13) **Hydrosphere –** all the waters of the earth, including both surface and subsurface water
 * 14) **Igneous –** rock formed when magma or lava cools
 * 15) **Inner core –** the solid center of the earth
 * 16) **Kinetic energy –** energy of motion
 * 17) **Latent energy -** referring to energy which is added into the molecular structure of water molecules as liquid is evaporated, remaining hidden in the molecule until the vapor condenses
 * 18) **Lithosphere –** the rigid, outermost layer of the earth, about 100 km thick and composed of the crust and upper mantle
 * 19) **Lower mantle -** contains 72.9% of the mantle-crust mass and is probably composed mainly of silicon, magnesium, and oxygen
 * 20) **Matter –** anything that has mass and volume
 * 21) **Metamorphic –** rocks formed by the effect of heat, pressure, and chemical action on other rocks
 * 22) **Mesosphere –** the layer of the earth’s atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere
 * 23) **Mineral –** naturally occurring inorganic solid substance with a definite chemical composition and structure
 * 24) **Model -** physical, mathematical, or logical representation of a system of entities, phenomena, or processes; a simplified abstract view of the complex reality
 * 25) **Moon –** a natural satellite which orbits a planet
 * 26) **Mountain -** a natural elevation of the earth's surface having considerable mass, generally steep sides, and a height greater than that of a hill
 * 27) ** Nebular Theory ** - the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud
 * 28) **Nitrogen cycle –** [|biogeochemical cycle] that describes the transformations of [|nitrogen] and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature
 * 29) **Nuclear energy -** the energy liberated by a nuclear reaction (fission or fusion) or by radioactive decay
 * 30) **Ocean -** the entire body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earth's surface
 * 31) **Ocean basin -** part of the Earth's outer surface that is comprised of the ** [|ocean floor] **, ** [|mid-oceanic ridges] **, ** [|continental rise] **, and ** [|continental slope] **; filled with saline water that makes up the ** [|oceans] **
 * 32) **Orbit -** the (usually elliptical) path described by one celestial body in its revolution about another
 * 33) **Organisms –** any form of life
 * 34) **Outer core -** outer region of the Earth's ** [|core] **; believed to be liquid nickel and iron and has a density of about 11 grams per cubic centimeter; surrounds the ** [|inner core] ** and has an average thickness of about 2,250 kilometers
 * 35) **Phases of the moon** - refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer, usually on Earth; vary cyclically as the Moon orbits the earth
 * 36) **Physical properties –** properties of matter that can be observed without changing the matter chemically
 * 1) **Plate tectonics –** theory of the formation and movement of the rigid pieces, or plates, that cover the earth’s surface
 * 2) **Qualitative** – describes data that can be observed but not measured, like shape, color, and texture
 * 3) **Quantitative** – describes data that has a numerical component, like mass, volume, and temperature
 * 4) **Radiation -** waves that directly transport energy through space
 * 5) **Radioisotopic dating -** method of dating rock by assessing the amount of [|radioactive decay] of naturally occurring [|isotopes]
 * 6) **River –** a long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the earth’s surface; many rivers open into lakes, seas or oceans
 * 7) **Rock –** a group of minerals bound together
 * 8) **Rotational axis –** the axis about which an object turns or spins
 * 9) **Satellite image -** consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made by means of artificial satellites
 * 10) **Satellite remote sensing -** the science of acquiring and analyzing information about objects or phenomena from a distance
 * 11) **Science -** the concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding; is done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions
 * 12) **Scientific inquiry -** a student-centered learning experience that the teacher facilitates by leading students through the process, rather than simply lecturing to them. Teachers put much time and effort into preparing their students for inquiry activities. They not only cultivate an inquiry atmosphere, but they plan extensively for the many strategies that they will employ when guiding their students down an inquiry path. Students are actively engaged in building their own understandings of the content or concepts being studied, be it in a hands-on or minds-on fashion, or both. Through investigations of their own design, students are pursuing answers to questions that are student-generated or teacher-generated. Students then communicate their results to each other and their teachers, justifying their methodologies and supporting their findings with data. Finally, the teachers assist their students in summarizing what they have learned
 * 13) **Season -** time periods generally based on the changes in the intensity and duration of sunlight as received in the middle and high latitudes; four seasons are normally recognized: ** [|Spring] **; ** [|Summer] **; ** [|Fall] **; and ** [|Winter] **
 * 14) **Sedimentary –** rocks formed from sediments bound together in some way
 * 15) **Seismic sounding -** a [|seismic] profile recorded specifically to study the lower [|crust], the Mohorovicic [|discontinuity] and the [|mantle] of the earth, typically using refraction methods
 * 16) **Solar system –** a sun and its family of orbiting planets, asteroids, meteoroids, and comets
 * 17) **Space -** The region beyond the outer limits of the Earth's ** [|atmosphere] **
 * 18) **Star -** A large and very massive, self-luminous celestial body of gas that illuminates via the ** [|radiation] ** derived from its internal source of ** [|energy] **
 * 19) **Stratosphere –** the layer of the earth’s atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to the mesosphere
 * 20) **Sun -** the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in a solar system
 * 21) **Technology -** process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants
 * 22) **Thermosphere –** the layer of the earth’s atmosphere above the mesosphere
 * 23) **Tide –** the daily rise and fall of ocean water
 * 24) **Troposphere –** the convective region of the atmosphere that extends from the earth’s surface to the stratosphere
 * 25) **Uniformitarianism -  [|theory]  ** that rejects the idea that ** [|catastrophic] ** forces were responsible for the current conditions on the Earth. The theory suggested instead, that continuing uniformity of existing processes were responsible for the present and past conditions of this planet
 * 26) **Universe -** all of the observable phenomena in the ** celestial ** **cosmos**
 * 27) **Upper mantle -** layer of the earth's interior extending from the base of the  [|crust]  to 670 kilometers below the surface; part of the earth's  [|mantle]  layer; composed of  [|peridotite] , an  [|ultramafic magma]  primarily made up of the minerals  [|olivine]  and pyroxene
 * 28) **Volcano –** an elevated area of land created from the release of lava and the ejection of ash and rock fragments from a volcanic vent
 * 29) **Weather –** the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place  ||
 * ** Exemplar **